Adverbs and Adverb Clauses

موضوع: Adverbs and Adverb Clauses الجمعة أبريل 29, 2011 7:25 am

Adverbs and Adverb Clauses
- Adverbs

There are many types of adverbs and adverb phrases. This page will introduce
some of the basic types of adverbs and their functions.

What is an adverb?

Basically, most adverbs tell you how, where, or when something is
done. In other words, they describe the manner,
place, or
time
of an action. Here are some examples:

Type	Adverb	Example
Manner	slowly	Jane drives slowly.
Place	here	The party is going to take place here.
Time	yesterday	I called him yesterday.

How to recognize an adverb

Many adverbs end with the suffix -LY. Most of these are created by
adding -LY to the end of an adjective, like this:

Adjective	Adverb
slow	slowly
delightful	delightfully
hopeless	hopelessly
aggressive	aggressively

However, this is NOT a reliable way to find out whether a word is
an adverb or not, for two reasons: many adverbs do NOT end in -LY (some are
the same as the adjective form), and many words which are NOT adverbs DO end
in -LY (such as kindly,
friendly,
elderly
and lonely, which are adjectives).
Here are some examples of adverbs which are the same as adjectives:

Adjective	Adverb
fast	fast
late	late
early	early

The best way to tell if a word is an adverb is to try making a
question, for which the answer is the word. If the question uses
how,
where
or when, then the word is probably
an adverb. Here is an example:

Word in context	Question	Adverb?
Junko plays tennis aggressively.	How does Junko play tennis?	Yes -- uses HOW.
They have a small house.	What kind of house do they have?	No -- uses WHAT KIND OF, so this is an adjective.
Matthew called the police immediately.	When did Matthew call the police?	Yes -- uses WHEN.

Adverbs and Adverb Clauses
- Adverb Phrases

An adverb may be a single word, such as
quickly,
here or
yesterday. However, adverbs can also be phrases, some made with
prepositions, others made with infinitives. This page will explain the basic
types of adverb phrases (sometimes called "adverbial phrases") and how to
recognize them.

Basic types of adverbs

In the section on adverbs, you learned about three basic types of adverb:
manner,
place and
time adverbs. There are at least two
more that are important. Frequency adverbs answer the question "How
often?" about an action. Purpose adverbs answer the question "Why?".
Here are some examples:

Type	Adverb	Example
Frequency	usually	Mika usually gets up early.
Purpose	for fun	I write computer programs for fun.

While the first example,
usually,
is a single word, the second example (for fun)
is a phrase consisting of a preposition and a noun -- in other words, it is
a prepositional phrase which
functions as an adverb phrase.
Adverb phrases made with prepositions

All kinds of adverb phrases can be made with prepositions. Here are
some examples:

Type	Adverb phrase	Example
Manner	with a hammer	The carpenter hit the nail with a hammer.
Place	next door	The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
Time	before the holidays	We must finish our project before the holidays.
Frequency	every month	Jodie buys two CDs every month.
Purpose	for his mother	Jack bought the flowers for his mother.

Adverb phrases made with infinitives

Another kind of adverb phrase can be made with the infinitive form
of a verb. Most of these phrases express purpose, as in these examples:

Type	Adverb phrase	Example
Purpose	to buy a car	I'm saving my money to buy a car.
Purpose	to support the team	The students all showed up to support the team.
Purpose	to show to her mother	Sally brought a painting home from school to show to her mother.

Adverbs and Adverb Clauses
- Adverb Clauses

An adverb may be a single word such as
quickly,
here or
yesterday (see the page Adverbs), or a phrase such as
the day before
yesterday or to see my mother (see the page Adverb Phrases).
However, adverbs can also be clauses, containing a subject and a full verb.
This page will explain the basic types of adverb clauses (sometimes called
"adverbial clauses") and how to recognize them.

Adverbs, adverb phrases, and adverb clauses

Look at these sentences:

I saw
the movie yesterday.

I saw
the movie on Friday.

I saw
the movie before I left for Calgary.

In the first sentence, "yesterday" is a one-word adverb, "on
Friday" is an adverb phrase, and "before I left for Calgary" is an adverb
clause. All of them answer the question "When?", but the adverb clause has a
subject ("I") and a full verb ("left"). It is introduced by "before", so it
is a dependent clause. This means
that it cannot stand alone: "Before I left for Calgary" would not be a full
sentence. It needs a main clause ("I saw the movie"). An adverb clause,
then, is a dependent clause that does the same job as an adverb or an adverb
phrase.
Types of adverb clause

There are many types of adverb clauses. Here are some examples of
the most common types:

Type	Question answered	Example
Place	Where?	Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.
Time	When?	After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.
Cause	Why? (What caused this?)	I didn't call her because I'm shy.
Purpose	Why? (What was the reason for doing this?)	She took a computer course so that she could get a better job.
Concession	Why is this unexpected?	Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk.
Condition	Under what conditions?	If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.

As you can see from the examples above, most adverb clauses can
be recognized because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase
(such as "when", "so that", etc.). These words and phrases are called
subordinating conjunctions, and
there are many of them, including these:

Subordination conjunctions

after, before, until, while, because, since, as, so that, in
order that, if, unless, whether, though, although, even though,
where

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