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  Adverbs and Adverb Clauses

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Adverbs and Adverb Clauses
- Adverbs









There are many types of adverbs and adverb phrases. This page will introduce
some of the basic types of adverbs and their functions.



What is an adverb?



Basically, most adverbs tell you how, where, or when something is
done. In other words, they describe the manner,
place, or
time
of an action. Here are some examples:













Type Adverb
Example
Manner slowly Jane drives slowly.
Place here The
party is going to take place here.
Time
yesterday
I
called him yesterday.











How to recognize an adverb



Many adverbs end with the suffix -LY. Most of these are created by
adding -LY to the end of an adjective, like this:












Adjective
Adverb
slow
slowly

delightful

delightfully

hopeless

hopelessly

aggressive

aggressively









However, this is NOT a reliable way to find out whether a word is
an adverb or not, for two reasons: many adverbs do NOT end in -LY (some are
the same as the adjective form), and many words which are NOT adverbs DO end
in -LY (such as kindly,
friendly,
elderly
and lonely, which are adjectives).
Here are some examples of adverbs which are the same as adjectives:









Adjective
Adverb
fast
fast
late
late
early
early







The best way to tell if a word is an adverb is to try making a
question, for which the answer is the word. If the question uses
how,
where
or when, then the word is probably
an adverb. Here is an example:

Word
in context

Question

Adverb?
Junko
plays tennis aggressively.

How
does Junko play tennis?
Yes
-- uses HOW.
They
have a small house.

What kind of house do they have?
No
-- uses WHAT KIND OF, so this is an adjective.

Matthew called the police immediately.

When did Matthew call the police?
Yes
-- uses WHEN.













Adverbs and Adverb Clauses
- Adverb Phrases










An adverb may be a single word, such as
quickly,
here or
yesterday. However, adverbs can also be phrases, some made with
prepositions, others made with infinitives. This page will explain the basic
types of adverb phrases (sometimes called "adverbial phrases") and how to
recognize them.



Basic types of adverbs



In the section on adverbs, you learned about three basic types of adverb:
manner,
place and
time adverbs. There are at least two
more that are important. Frequency adverbs answer the question "How
often?" about an action. Purpose adverbs answer the question "Why?".
Here are some examples:










Type Adverb
Example

Frequency

usually
Mika usually gets up early.

Purpose
for
fun
I
write computer programs for fun.








While the first example,
usually,
is a single word, the second example (for fun)
is a phrase consisting of a preposition and a noun -- in other words, it is
a prepositional phrase which
functions as an adverb phrase.

Adverb phrases made with prepositions



All kinds of adverb phrases can be made with prepositions. Here are
some examples:




Type Adverb
phrase

Example
Manner with a
hammer
The
carpenter hit the nail with a hammer.
Place next
door
The
woman who lives next door is a doctor.
Time before
the holidays
We
must finish our project before the holidays.

Frequency
every
month
Jodie buys two CDs every month.

Purpose
for
his mother
Jack bought the flowers for his mother.

Adverb phrases made with infinitives



Another kind of adverb phrase can be made with the infinitive form
of a verb. Most of these phrases express purpose, as in these examples:



Type Adverb
phrase

Example

Purpose
to buy
a car
I'm
saving my money to buy a car.

Purpose
to
support the team
The
students all showed up to support the team.

Purpose
to
show to her mother
Sally brought a painting home from school to show to her mother.


















Adverbs and Adverb Clauses
- Adverb Clauses










An adverb may be a single word such as
quickly,
here or
yesterday (see the page Adverbs), or a phrase such as
the day before
yesterday or to see my mother (see the page Adverb Phrases).
However, adverbs can also be clauses, containing a subject and a full verb.
This page will explain the basic types of adverb clauses (sometimes called
"adverbial clauses") and how to recognize them.



Adverbs, adverb phrases, and adverb clauses



Look at these sentences:


I saw
the movie yesterday.
I saw
the movie on Friday.
I saw
the movie before I left for Calgary.


In the first sentence, "yesterday" is a one-word adverb, "on
Friday" is an adverb phrase, and "before I left for Calgary" is an adverb
clause. All of them answer the question "When?", but the adverb clause has a
subject ("I") and a full verb ("left"). It is introduced by "before", so it
is a dependent clause. This means
that it cannot stand alone: "Before I left for Calgary" would not be a full
sentence. It needs a main clause ("I saw the movie"). An adverb clause,
then, is a dependent clause that does the same job as an adverb or an adverb
phrase.

Types of adverb clause



There are many types of adverb clauses. Here are some examples of
the most common types:






















Type
Question answered

Example
Place Where?
Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.
Time When?
After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.
Cause Why?
(What caused this?)
I
didn't call her because I'm shy.

Purpose
Why?
(What was the reason for doing this?)
She
took a computer course so that she could get a better job.

Concession
Why is
this unexpected?

Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk.

Condition
Under
what conditions?

If
you save your money, you will be able to go to college.




















As you can see from the examples above, most adverb clauses can
be recognized because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase
(such as "when", "so that", etc.). These words and phrases are called
subordinating conjunctions, and
there are many of them, including these:




Subordination conjunctions

after, before, until, while, because, since, as, so that, in
order that, if, unless, whether, though, although, even though,
where
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